A Review Of "Super Strings And The Search For The Theory Of Everything"

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It is often a fancy idea and an interesting endeavor even to think of the theory of everything leave alone find one, yet it is an adventure in the search and indeed it was an adventure unlike any. It is an adventure in to the inner depth and in to the fundamentals of the beginning itself and the stuff it was and is made of and how.

The adventure to the past in search of the beginning is as much a time travel to the past as much it is a time travel to the future that it may be only at the end that we truly find the meaning and the true stuff it was made of, for when the end somewhat becomes the beginning the knowledge, the essence and being of the two will merge. At such a time, there shall be no matter but information or knowledge and there shall be no process unknown everything from the beginning to the end and everything from the end to the beginning have been a matter of recorded history. Till such time the end and start converge, due to the curse and blessing we are burdened with we have to continue in the search and the adventure of discovery to fill in the gaps and blanks that will only cease most likely when everything else and all ceases, is nothing and no more. In that we could be saying the totality of what is, is nothing more than what we can imagine and we are capable of imagining in an open ended extension even not bounded by negative and positive infinity for even infinity and zero which are analogues concepts. Zero and infinity as all numbers are values but none descript existent but not reachable as examples and manifestation of ever continuity. In a way the digital world of mathematics and physical sciences and the analogues world of the arts philosophy and religion seems to merge somewhere at the end of our journey and the beginning of everything and ours at infinity and at zero in apparent breach of our ineptitude to imagine and cognize beyond what is as our basis. After all we might have been thinking of the dual characteristics of matter and reality itself as analogues waves and digitized particles as separately and distinctly instead of dualities as we have long concluded of light as what is an established reality. The digital world outlook and the Mathematical model by in large is a model that fails to fill in all the gaps and leaves space between the gaps and leaves everything to the best possible approximations and its world and universe crisp and noise free contrary to the noisy and continues Universe and reality. We may attribute the greatest of contribution to digitize and sanitize the universe and reality to calculus's limit in a great recognition of its limits in spite of all its monumental accomplishments in translating the Universe and reality to an understandable and working entity. It is the noisiness and continuity of the universe and the ineptitude of mathematics to be exact and as continuous the one and the fundamental challenge of reaching the fundamental which simply becomes a mathematical (+infinity) unreachable as that. On the hand our individual and collective descript life with a seemingly defined beginning and end imposes on us to find and search a beginning and end to everything there is yet on the contrary past shape, form and content our own beginning extends beyond we could thus far say, see, hear and touch with the beginnings of everything which could have been pure knowledge (information) upon which the material world constructed itself. The issue then becomes whether this stage of pure knowledge or information is attainable and if superstrings are pure information and knowledge or material constructs of this precedent information and knowledge. In fact Schwarz's and Green's base their theory on the assertion that super strings are not even point particles rather are extended objects like strings that rotate, spin and vibrate in an apparent separation of space and matter with the space in which these extended particles rotate spin and vibrate by a force field. Devoid of this field there wouldn't be space.

It therefore would be easier to speculate whether yet the fundamental lies within this field that is instrumental for the manifestation of space and may be time along with it or as a dual unity of the suspended particles and these force fields. "Einstein taught that space-time is curved and deformed by the presence of matter and energy. Whenever matter and energy is present, Einstein's equations allow physicists to calculate the new curved geometry of space -time. But the curious thing is that they permit for a curvature even when no matter or energy is around." There are two things that bothered me the most in the above quotation as a non mathematician and a lay man the first one being that ability to imagine an empty Universe and the second one is the ability of the mathematics to have preceded the universe itself to have been able to calculate this cosmological constant even in the absence of a universe( an empty universe is to me a no universe). It seems to me most or all mathematical equations are subject to conditions in their formulation and execution and wondered if one of the conditions for this equation to work and be true is that there can be no empty universe or if the assertion is made in the pre unI find a lot of filled blanks and gaps in this book as I tried to travel in to the inner depths of the far beginnings of ours and everything we have thus far known and will ever know. Over all I would say for a lay man of my background and average caliber, it was worthy of a reading and a challenge filled thriller. It is as usual from this lay man's perspective that I often raise may be some naive even some downright stupid questions and draw some conclusions and may sometimes even come up with some idiotic conjunctures . It is with deep respect for the author and understanding of my rights to agree and disagree with whatever was written and illustrated in the book and the rights of others towards mine and with my report, in search of answers, enlightenment and understanding that I take the monumental task of reviewing this book and writing this report.

In our search of the fundamental beginning of everything and we have often been convinced of reaching it no sooner than we found ourselves in breach once and again. This reach of the fundamental and beginning has always been a mirage that often dissolves in to the thin air no sooner than we concluded that it indeed was what we thought it to be. Armed with that history and the ever expanding human reach beyond its current reach, as "current" recedes in to the past and "future" makes headway in to the present; with skepticism and doubt that it indeed is the final frontier and with certainty that it indeed is a new breach to what has thus far been known and believed, I would like to lead you in to the layman's simplistic journey to the complex Nano world and beyond, to the ultimate minuteness itself.

As you might have seen and read a number of times describing myself as a lay man not from the fear of criticism or the luck of spine to withstand one, rather to emphasize the enormity of the subject matter and how little and ignorant one could be in light of the material under study. After all it is a subject matter that is beyond the reach and an imagination past what we can imagine that we are discussing and often fail short of imagining to imagining what preceded the imagination if at all possible. Or perhaps we are able to imagine beyond the extensions of our individual and collective experience unbounded at all or however hard we try we are simply bound by what we have known and what is out there in the objective world's possible extensions at the most. It is mathematical deductions inductions and abstraction alright, yet still beyond what scientific methods calls for the verification authentication and conclusion of a scientific reality at least not yet for we are imagining beyond the reach of our current sensual extenders. May be it would seem we have been caught up with arrogance of what is beyond the most possible extensions of our experience, knowledge and reach of our current available sensual extendersiversal beginning then talk of the empty universe somewhat becomes irrelevant.

To me the universe from its initial beginning to its final demise is full if there are such beginnings and ends, what is it that fills it may be open to examination, speculation, determination quantification and qualification but its fullness a self evident reality beyond question and the mathematical equation that allowed curvature in the "absence of matter "is not a proof of the absence as asserted rather a proof of material presence in whatever form and state; a form and a state that could take some time of our future and a distance to be covered for its discovery and determination. As to the assertion of Stephen Haw king's matter being created out of the fabrics of space time itself it still does not preclude the existence of a universe filled with space time fabrics but matter, which in effect voids the concept of void or may be space time is equal to void? If that is contrary to the thought of man creating the concept of time-space out of the fringes of its Neurons rather its neurons gave meaning to an already existent reality and a reality that preceded it. As neurons existed in space-time, may be space time existed in all reality as a precursor to itself as the following quote from the book testifies to this duality of reality and reality of duality and ever continuous divisibility.

"The classification in to fermions and bosons is relevant in another way. Fermions make up the material side of the Universe, while Bosons are responsible for its force. Physicists call bosons the carriers of the weak-strong and electromagnetic forces it is hypothesized of the gravitational force." Even our reach of the very minutest of forms of matter seems to have either carrier or yet manifestations of other forms as are gravity in bosons and bosons in gravity or yet in vibrating, rotating and spinning super strings only to reach at a final destination of our quest if only this super strings were to rotate and vibrate in a unit space time for rotation, vibration and even spinning presupposes space time, yet still posing the challenges of discovering what this space time in which these rotations and vibrations happen is and is made of or simply what constitutes it. May be is worth to pose and examine some wise word of the bible here which tells us not to think beyond which we can't and take the words without further question as though we could surpass our limits to question or experience . Nonetheless the early acknowledgement of or limitations beyond which we simply part by faith not by any established facts and truths however hard we try to dissociate or associate from the word faith. That seems to be a one convergence point and simultaneously divergent point for the Idealists and materialists to start to traverse their independent paths and come to. That could be why it seems that we have twos of many things for a full Unum, seemingly contradictory, on the opposite sides, and going in opposite directions, yet balancing and equilibrating from and at these fulcrums of convergence and divergence points.

As it is often said and I have been accused of not having the guts and will to take a side to advocate for, I have often said and say it know, none has the total monopoly to the ways and the spectacle with which we can observe the universe and reality to date and the real universe, and reality lies somewhere down the middle if only stripped of personal interests. That for sure is a gut wrenching stand to take for we are all created or evolved to be with un indelible fact of self interest that may not even be limited to us or even living things. Excuses if I sound a person on a double road, I do understand and I am mind full of the fact that the two roads traverse different terrains with different challenges, but I am confining my thoughts and argument only to the points of origin and terminal. If I may take a procedural note of caution I seem to have been derailed from the subject of our discussion which is theoretical and may be practical physics, as we lay men often get mixed up with all things from all cross boundaries taboos and creeds unabated by the stiff brittle disciplines of professionalism, before any one shouts fouls, I extend my apologies and make it clear that it was not at all intentional.

Note : all quotations are from a book "super strings and the search for the theory of everything "by David Peat and be credited as such.

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Critique of Kenneth Amdahl's There Are No Atoms

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Contemporaries praise Amdahl's effort to reduce electricity to its most simple dimensions and allegorical illustration. His peers offer the greatest recommendation: "We all feel somewhat dumb when it comes to electronics... a proper tonic for this ignorance... is a major breakthrough in teaching the elementary physics of electricity... should be required basic reading for high school science students...even a blockhead like me, who could never visualize the abstract, was able to penetrate the nebulous mists of amps, volts, current, induction, and conductors, and actually understand what the hell they're all about. But above and beyond the practical, Amdahl, with a magical energy all his own, has created a wonderful book about a beautiful and powerful mystery. Actually, this book is about electricity and everything else, too.

Amdahl introduces reality with an admmonishion to people who honestly believe they understand electricity -- but can no more explain the inner workings of electrical phenomenon than they can breathe life into a crescent wrench. This dire prediction opens a more modest pathway for students who might be intimidated but desirous of filling the gaps in particle science. Even now, after years of study and silent debate, we read of emerging theory for 'The Ultimate Particle' -- with offered dimensions -- basic to understanding this same force of electricity but heretofore unpublished.

The most basic understanding revolves around static electricity; where, like charges repel and unlike charges attract; which phenomenon results in the positive and negative assigns readily recognized in basic science. Realizing how man resorts to analogies or parables, he reverses technique by bringing the complex into simple uniformity. Thus, Amdahl converts the world of resistors, capacitors, diodes, current, amps, watts, and volts into easy conceptions of electrical magic transforming our utility and technological masterpieces.

One fault in Amdahl's science is his description of atom theory: he proposes electron theory to maintain everything in the universe is composed of tiny particles called molecules; and most are too small to be distinguished even when using the best microscopes in the world. This definition of universe particles is not entirely correct, according to the minuteness expected in basic particles; therein, we might expect the ultimate particle to be a tiny, small, nanometer fraction of molecule mass (molecule mass composing two or more atoms). Even so, this journey into ultimate physics is not important to the simplification of electrical terms and workability but is offered here solely as a basic energy constituent.

While electricity might be hard to understand, as to wellspring and discontinuance posits, there can exist no doubt as to workability. Home appliances, transportation, computers, and other electronic marvels attest to the electron's driving force. Truly, Amdahl simplifies a very complex subject -- worthy reading for the professional electrician or the homebody who only flips a switch to advantage this most basic boost to advanced living.

Amdahl's use of the biblical 'parable' to express electron mystery and complexity is well-used to magnify the hidden force in particle motivation, as was the use of kabala or cabbala in biblical communications. Cabbala and parables were extensively used to hide the real meanings of prophecy and principals in the legal-historicism giving rise to monotheism. Recent research converts the complexity into simple understanding. You are invited to further investigation and thus to compare these findings with traditional rote. And we must ask the question of Amdahl and other exponents of physics: What is the physical quality of the electron's ground state as opposed to its quantized maximum at the 204th orbital? Solution will determine size for the Ultimate Particle.

Amdahl's book is highly recommended reading for the budding physicist or career-minded electrical tradesperson.

Ben Winter, particles physicist, Bible scholar, and author of "THE GREAT DECEPTION: Symbols And Numbers Clarified," reveals there 'is' something new under the sun -- that is, for modern Bible students. He addresses correctness of language and true intent of the major Bible topics: solves Bible mysteries, defines Gog and Magog, reveals Daniel He-goat's surprising identity, and dares to number the all important Ten Ages. Sign up for FREE book critiques at http://www.winterbriar.com/ and view more articles in blog format at http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Does it really matter what the fifth State Is? -Book Review

Plasma is called magic, it's called the fourth State of matter, well, come to think of it, it's called a lot of things isn't it. If our progress and human scientists from the planet travel to destination locations, continues the study of plasma an important part of the we need understanding. Consider if you will the importance this state of matter, plasma physics and Forth and why our future scientist should be well-versed in the topic.

WikiPedia explains the plasma in this way; "In physics and chemistry, plasma is the State of matter similar to that in a certain part of the particles are ionized gas. The premise is that the gas heating it dissociates the molecular bonds, enabling them in its constituent atoms. Further heating leads to inonization (the loss or gain of electrons), turning it into a plasma: which contains charged particles, positive ions and electrons negative "and I would say that sums it up quite nicely.

But that's not the half of it, because consider all potential applications and applications, not just for space, propulsion, power generation, etc, and so on, but also to our understanding of the cause generally, along with the universe we live in. If this topic interests you as much as it blows my mind, maybe, I would like to recommend you a very good book. A I own and totally believe is the "best" book on the topic, I have ever seen. The name of the book is:

"Principles of Plasma Physics for engineers and scientists" Umran s. Inan by (Stanford University) and Marek Golkowski (University of Colorado, Denver), Cambridge Press, (2011), 284 pages, ISBN: 978-0-521-19372-6.

Yes, this book is quite expensive, and probably not for the average Joe with curiosity of such things, is the book that I have here a hard bound work and it costs $ 100. However, it is also worthwhile. The book describes one particle movements, kinetic theory of Plasmas, multiple liquid theory, collisions and Plasma conductivity introduction of waves in the Plasma, and Plasma spread among many other things, especially interesting for me was all the information behind the effects of ionization, waves, magnetization and temperature on Plasma.

The appendix is excellent and that alone is worth the price if a solid reference to have around. If someone has a class on plasma physics teacher was, this would be the best textbook around, not to mention a perfect reference book to have handy, that is what I use it for. Indeed, if you are an engineer, scientist, grad student, researcher, or want to be, then you need this book too. Please consider all this and think of it.

Lance Winslow is the founder of the Online Think Tank, a diverse group of achievers, experts, innovators, entrepreneurs, futurists, academics, thinkers, dreamers, leaders and General all around brilliant minds. Lance Winslow, hope you've enjoyed the discussion and topic today. http://www.worldthinktank.net/-have an important topic to discuss, please contact Lance Winslow.

Criticism of Richard P Brennan of "Heisenberg probably slept here" book:

In this anthology science-physics Chronicles Richard p. Brennan the life, times and ideas of the great twentieth-century physicists. He praises in preface, extraordinary security principals that large contribution to quantum mechanics principles: Advanced reasoning from the likes of Newton, Einstein, Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Rutherford and Feynman. Each of these great minds contributed major theory and breakthroughs to improve the physics world-view; their thinking projects a continued study to the essence of the matter.

Setting the stage and the basis for the classical physics, the great physicist Isaac Newton quotes Brennan (1676), who to even more ancient theorists, even back to the time of biblical Daniel and Greek Democritus refers. Newton said: "if I have seen further than other men, it is because I am standing on the shoulders of giants." Indeed, more Giants were on the road; they would be a division of effort between classical physics and quantum mechanics to develop. In the meantime, our intrepid author touches on Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler's and contribution to, movement and speed; What comments were built on in Newton's inquisitive mind. He was first to light spread in its spectrum and back in white light, closure of light consists of small particles. Newton entered in the Principia, F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration), now considered to be the most useful physical law ever written. Newton assumed the arXiv system to prove existence of God Science and thought that a form of worship.

Brennan briefly addresses the following four hundred years of small advances, until the arrival of the Supreme genius of our time, Albert Einstein. Quiet, Einstein thought his way in history. He provided the special theory of relativity, constancy of light speed and the boundlessness of the mass at light speed, E = mc2, and included relativity of simultaneity. He Later developed this note, General Relativity: with, in essence, principles of equality, whereas gravity and inertia are two different words for the same thing. Einstein changed forever the way intellect should the view of time, space and matter intercept. Add to this his cosmological constant, later rejected, still later revived: the factor to the invisible force our universe in space continuum into account.

Simultaneous with Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Karl Ernst Ludwig came to fame in 1900, aged 42, Einstein than about 21 years old. Equally astute, Planck is the father of quantum physics, ushering in modern physics in contrast to classical physics: Quantum theory the cooperative medium. Planck developed E = hf equation, and therefore the stalemate about frequency, wavelength and light and heat radiation tend removed. Comparison: ' the quantum of energy are designated, and is equal to the frequency, f, of the radiation times Planck's constant ' h. Max Planck, Einstein wrote a glowing tribute to an excellent in the field of science.

Also concurrent with Einstein and Planck, Ernest Rutherford rose to fame and awarded as "the father of nuclear energy". Rutherford also arose the provision for half-life in radioactive substances, whereas every living thing contains carbon. With a half-life of carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 5.570 year, and can be measured with some precision. The relentless habit is useful to age-date many geophysical, archaeological and paleontological specimens.

Brennan notes: ' where Einstein was a theorist, Rutherford was a Vejle. As an aside the famous physicists are praises bibliographic Gleanings intellectuals tend to musical talent--apart from abiding interest in metaphysics. Not unlike the requirement in metaphysical exegesis hangs the quest for the unseen and unknown in physics like developed insight, intrepidity, serendipity and above all concentration.

Niels Bohr was another contemporary of the great physicists already mentioned and was prominent in the fifth Solvay Congress, where about 30 of the world's most reputable physicists to debate quantum mechanics, complementarity, continuity, discontinuity, correspondence, the duality and uncertainty collected. Niels Bohr was not the last, but one of the many honored by Brennan of pen. If one wants to travel the long road to Quantum mechanics, physics, advancement of knowledge, or to explore the brainpower of thinkers who the road, then this book is a good place to start. How great to have this meeting of thoughts of the great minds of physics giants.

Apart from the world important physics studies is the enormous metaphysics field open to new evaluation confirmation or rejection, Calif. syllogistic. Advanced studies are available to explore largest motivational power of humanity: his sensitivity to the, to the invisible and unfathomable to the unknown. Brennan makes several observations of the great minds preoccupation with the mystery of Biblical interpretation.

Ben Winter, particle physicist, biblical scholar and author of "THE GREAT deception: symbols and numbers clarified," reveals that there is ' something new under the Sun--that is, for modern Bible researchers. He addresses correctness of language and the true intent of the main topics of the Bible: Bible mysteries, Gog and Magog Lost, he-goat cheese surprising identity reveals Daniel defines and dares to number the all important ten ages. Sign up for free book http://www.winterbriar.com/and view more critiques on articles in blog format on http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Critique of Gordon Frazier's The New Physics: For The Twenty-First Century

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Utilizing the considerable contribution from twenty-three eminent Physicists, adept in their particular field, and together with one hundred eighteen bibliographic gems, Gordon Frasier brings the world up-to-date concerning advances and theory championed by experts working in the multiple physics departments.

With considerable research to his credit and employing contribution from twenty-three other physicists, eminent in particular fields, and together with one hundred eighteen bibliographic gems, the author brings the science world up-to-date concerning advances and theory from experts working in the several physics departments. These leading physicists explore the modern science frontier: evaluating the standard atom model, particles, forces, stars, and satellites. This knowledge assembly emanates from scientists in multiple disciplines and is rather technical for the layperson. At the same time, one cannot help but garner a modicum of insight by exploring these 526 pages of selective indoctrinations.

Fraser gently eases the reader into difficult science mysteries, easily quantized into logical measures and qualities at the first, from the microscopic to macroscopic. Here, we discover the transmutation of particles into recognizable mass and vice versa; where, neutrinos are theorized at a very minute portion of electron mass -- experimentally proven to transform into other neutrino bodies -- even into photon, lepton, and baryonic character.

In total, The New Physics encompasses a scope too broad for wide address in critique; also, much is left hanging in mysterious presentation. We offer an example, concerning supersymmetry: "Supersymmetry is the name physicists have given to a possible new symmetry of Nature, hitherto unobserved, that underlies one of the most audacious efforts to build a theory more comprehensive than the Standard Model." Surely, we can agree with supersymmetry eventuality; however, the author's theory advances into more fundamental quantities as the basis for supersymmetry. This above quote is only one example of the theoretic approach serving to explain physics and the Standard Model. A new paper on the ultimate energy basis is forthcoming; wherein, the ultimate, micron particle will demonstrate a sufficiency for perpetual energy employment.

Fermi reportedly said: "Physics is what physicists do late at night." And as physicists slowly resolve theory with experiment, we will increasingly find new prophetic intuitions penned in books such as The New Physics and resolved in future experiment. Only the seasoned physicist and intrepid logo-phile dare read this book in its entirety; but for the patient, the curious, it will open to avenues scarcely traveled before. The secret to atoms, to molecules, to life, to mechanics, even to life origins, rests in the physics surrounding fundamental particles origins, utility, and transmutation.

This book is recommended for those with an abiding interest in physics, metaphysics, and especially particle science.

While physics has its mysteries, so does metaphysics present almost the same puzzling backwash of unanswered questions flowing from the strokes of mystic writings, closed to common people, and reserved until the answers appear too late for benefit. Now, the bottom line is available for those with the need to know. The necessary research has been accomplished and awaits your critique.

Ben Winter, particles physicist, Bible scholar, and author of "THE GREAT DECEPTION: Symbols And Numbers Clarified," reveals there 'is' something new under the sun -- that is, for modern Bible students. He addresses correctness of language and true intent of the major Bible topics: solves Bible mysteries, defines Gog and Magog, reveals Daniel He-goat's surprising identity, and dares to number the all important Ten Ages. Sign up for FREE book critiques at http://www.winterbriar.com/ and view more articles in blog format at http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Traveling Through Time - We Are Getting Closer to That Technology

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Have you ever dreamed of time travel, perhaps go back and change something that you did wrong or a mistake that you made in your past? Have you ever wondered where you would wish to travel in past periods or if you traveled into future periods? Well, I think we all have and if this subject fascinates you, as it does me, then let me recommend a very good book to you:

"Time Travel Einstein's Universe; The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time" by J. Richard Gott III; Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY; 2001.

This is a great book and easily worth the $25.00 and the physicist makes lots of points about the differences between Newton's Universe and Einstein's Universe and theories. And now with all we know about quantum physics it is obvious that time travel is possible, the question is can we physically send a living organic something through time; that we'd like to see. This book takes a look into the reality of the physics behind time travel with chapters titles like:
Dreaming of Time TravelTime Travel in the FutureTime Travel in the PastTime Travel and the Beginning of the UniverseReport from the Future

This book is well footnoted, annotated and cited, so the author knows what he is talking about and builds a very strong case that, Yes, time travel is possible and in the future we will be able to travel through time. Perhaps, this figures considering the author is indeed, an astrophysicist at Princeton University.

I would recommend this book for anyone who has ever considered the "Grandfather Paradox" or was intrigued by such movies, which have plots and genres that include time travel such as; Planet of the Apes or Back to the Future for instance, although there have been so many others.

"Lance Winslow" - Lance Winslow's Bio. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/.

Representation of a Vector

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The length of the arrow on a certain scale represents the magnitude of the vector and arrow-head, and gives the direction of the vector.

Let us consider an example. Suppose an aeroplane flies towards east with a velocity of 500 km/h. To represent the velocity of this aeroplane we first indicate north south direction on the paper.

Secondly, we select a suitable scale, say 100 kilometre per hour being represented by 1.0 cm, just as we do while drawing a geographical map. According to this scale, 500 km/h will be represented by 5 cm line. Now we draw a line 5c, in length parallel to east direction, and put an arrowhead at A. This arrows represent by the velocity vector of 500 km/h toward east. The length of this arrow represent the magnitude of the given vector on a selected scale and arrow-head at A indicates the direction of the vector. So the line is called representative line vector. The initial point O of the line is the tail, while the arrow -head is at the terminal point of the vector.

In the above example, the velocity of the aeroplane has been represented by using north-South and east direction. However vectors are often represented by using any three straight lines mutually perpendicular to each other. One of these is named as x-axis, but we shell restrict ourselves to two lines. Such two lines are called reference axis. For example, a grass mover is pulled with a force of 15 N acting at an angle of 30 with the ground level. In this example x-axis represents the ground level and line drawn at 30 with x-axis gives the representative line of the required force.

It must be remembered that a representative line represent the given vector and it may start from any point provided its length and direction is not changed. Some time a vector is represented by two letters written at two extremities of representative line. In the above example, the force vector F--> can be represented by The arrow on indicates that the direction of this vector is from O to A.

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