Criticism of Nigel Calder of book: Einstein's Universe

When the question arose how best to celebrate centenary of Einstein, Calder answered: ' Let's make relativity plain. ' Without delay, the celebrated author further responded by writing this very entertaining book--that the direct consultation of some seventy physicists and astronomers in thirty institutions on both sides of the Atlantic.

Calder credits Albert Einstein as one who revolutionized concepts of space, time and movement, and which rewrote the theory of gravitation: Calder also notes the sights work of Einstein's theory of special relativity (1905), treat, quick movement, and general relativity (1915), dealing with gravity. Subsequent research has shown that we are actually living in a universe very much like the one described, and researchers have confirmed Einstein and many of the ideas developed in his equations latent. So, Calder embarks on a journey through the spirit, theory and written evidence of someone who can for the relationship between mass, eyes, energy and light.

Split Lithium Atom In 1932 two scientists by firing of the hydrogen proton at nearly the speed of light; they proved Einstein's special relativity. In the Cambridge atom-splitting experiment possessed flying helium fragments together, at least for the time being exactly the same as the total mass of the particles mass producing them. But while an infinitesimal mass was lost in the translation of measurable mass, as was changed in an energy essence. So, Calder honors the genius in Einstein musings. Intuitive, Einstein's mass must possess energy, and therefore equivalence in mass braininess visualized. His all-encompassing E = mc2 formula allowed in loss of material. He suggested to keep strict account of energy ' nature and the total energy in the universe never changes; It can only be shuffled over. '

In a positive light, Einstein deduced to have mass; He estimated the solar fallout on Earth to be about 160 tonnes of sunlight every day. Although this tonnage only a minute loss of Sun mass compared to the whole forms, absorb these particles of light in the mass of the Earth. With this awareness, we can understand essential energy sources are associated with cosmic forces: electromagnetism manifested in light, chemical reactions, living processes, sub-atomic forces responsible for nuclear reactions and gravity.

From the above, we can deduce 3,504 x 1014 tons or 350.4 trillion colours added to the Earth of mass since the most recent estimate of primitive man's presence on 6,000,000 BC.

General Relativity deals with concepts of gravity. According to the definition of Einsteins theory, Calder humanity is attracted in a more complex way than gravity is generally observed, many similar water climbing the sides of the container in the centrifuge: therefore, the experienced press the soles of man's feet thanks to the dynamics of the Earth's surface. As an example, or Staubbach falls of a tall building or speeding in a spaceship, we reach weightlessness; One cannot represent, gravity, but only its effect when it comes into contact with massive movement feel. Also predicted the big a ' gravity slows time. ' Clocks on Sun or earth surface carry less energetic than clocks further out in space, in successive shells of influence as the electron shells around the nucleus of an atom. So, he speed of light to provide the fundamental connection between space and time in mind: ' distorts time and space as a massive body around it, those distortions guide movement of other objects in the vicinity. " He gravity a peculiarity of space, not individual items in the are observed.

Sure, massive gravity evident in the tendency of electrons circling the nucleus of the atom, of the Moon circling Earth circling the Sun and the Earth and the solar system travel component, an invisible track--hurtling along at 175 km per second (630,000 m.p.h..)--so is that it's caught by the galaxy whose entire body also an invisible track by the universe--all subject to the law of particle behavior travels. Gravity is said that the rule of the universe; Solar bodies are subject to this observation, strongly defined in handy tracks through space and time.

Inherent in Einstein's law of gravity is the ' black hole ' are now popular in Astrophysics discussion. We can only briefly on the far-reaching influence of Einstein musings and its influence on physical science: his comparison of ' g ' forces in the rush rushing space vehicle with objects respond to the Earth; the relationship between time and speed; bending of space and light; presence of mass in light.

Encapsulates the genius of Einstein with "Calder: for him it was a matter of intuition; for modern physics and astronomy is bedrock. "

Ben Winter, particle physicist, biblical scholar and author of "THE GREAT deception: symbols and numbers clarified," reveals that there is ' something new under the Sun--that is, for modern Bible researchers. He addresses correctness of language and the true intent of the main topics of the Bible: Bible mysteries, Gog and Magog Lost, he-goat cheese surprising identity reveals Daniel defines and dares to number the all important ten ages. Sign up for free book http://www.winterbriar.com/and view more critiques on articles in blog format on http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Criticism of Ira m. Freeman's book: everything about the Atom

Ira m. Freeman helps understanding (at the least, passed by curiosity) about the intelligence created in a single molecule and declares the atoms tend to selectively join or bond in mutually beneficial substrates. The author refers to the most crucial attempt to explain the atom and particles to those who least about the start of life and recognizable phenomena know maybe. For those wishing an easy introduction into the fabric and the enforceability of atoms and about the intelligence created in a single molecule, this is the book for the curious, for both young and old, and for those with law abiding interest in physics or metaphysics. Without the atom, even religion can not exist.

If we stretch, maybe so Atomic intelligence hypothesis stretch imagination to the extreme; in the grip of speculation, we are considering the possibility of intelligence for something for love towards improvement Act in this compulsion, the elements could manifest change by attraction, decision or benefit intent. To collect some perception of size and dust in the free-wheeling, one atom, Freeman suggests, "...it would take about 3 million billion carbon atoms make the ink period at the end of this sentence (when printed)-and this whole molecule complement, regardless of its perceived State, has never yet-continuous moved – never with rest-average speed approximately 1,700 feet per second. The molecule in the air bumps in other molecules about five billion times per second ".

In the chemical and biological review of the matter, Freeman explains how atoms causes atoms to create energy and energy element behave in different ways. Approximately 100 elements, give or take a couple, have been found; importantly, each element is composed of its own peculiar construction, Atom, proton neutrons and electrons with specific components-plus even more elusive to define components. Regardless of Atomic appearance, albeit in water, trees, people, or copper wire, the atom will usually include space. The core is only about 1/10000th total Atomic volume. The outer swinging around the atom of circumference (energy shell [sic]) are electrons orbitals (the quantum concept includes the potential track completely around each atom. We consider also: an electron, accelerate around the hydrogen proton single-core, weighs only 1/1836th as much as revolves around the core.

Freeman, rather just, explains the appearance of observable Atomic masses. In our world, element atoms include all forms of solids, liquids and gas (iron is gas at 10000 ?). Mixtures of elements (matter) are called connections. And, compound mixtures make energy! Light delivers energy. Energy changes thing! Issue creates energy! E = mc2 proves in experiment and the following statement is essentially: the relativity adds something new; that, case can be turned into energy and energy into matter. Make electrons, orbitals, directly or indirectly by changing every conceivable convenience, instrument or apparatus of quantum inside and outside the proton or proton-neutron nuclei of induced energy shell [sic].

How great to simplify life itself! We can still be chipping flint tools without the leadership of our tendency to evolve, and custom arrowheads, striking sparks in the processes, but never realize the great potential in particles fly from abraded rocks; for these are maybe energy particles-that just as easily have fueled a human cell. An unwritten law regulates Atomic combination in connections, on various substrates, in advanced substrates, in super-substraten, on and on, and eventually evolved into ADP and ATP in cellular construction and maintenance working horses. But this is advanced and not a part of the simplistic presentation Freeman 's. We include cellular tend only to illustrate the atom of interest for human well-being and development. Computer programs and memory, also, are just atom particles potential waiting for instigation. Absolutely amazing!

In simplistic Freeman's account, he comments how Man first learned to use fire, make tools, instill metaphysics, uses the power of steam and electricity. Today he stands at the door of the new age-the age of atoms. The things that we can only imagine.

In addition to these short study about physics, you are invited to further study, to the more physics, and metaphysics, another fascinating study and as full of surprises as the physics world. Discover why ' ten ages ' are the least understood but most important contribution to Biblical eschatology. Physics and metaphysics are related, inasmuch as both our relationship to invisible worlds investigations.

Ben Winter, particle physicist, biblical scholar and author of "THE GREAT deception: symbols and numbers clarified," reveals that there is ' something new under the Sun-i.e. modern Bible researchers. He addresses correctness of language and the true intent of the main topics of the Bible: Bible mysteries, Gog and Magog Lost, he-goat cheese surprising identity reveals Daniel defines and dares to number the all important ten ages. Sign up for free book http://www.winterbriar.com/and view more critiques on articles in blog format on http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Alpha Decay And Disintegration Energy

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

We know that nucleons in nucleus are bound due to the presence of short-range nuclear force, also known as strong force which is attractive in nature. Nucleons mean number of protons and neutrons. But it's not meant that nucleus has only one force, there is also another kind of force which exists within the nucleus which is known as repulsive force. Its name comes from proton-proton repulsion. The range of the repulsive force is unlimited, where as the strong force has short range.

The nuclei which contain 210 numbers of nucleons or more are not stable in nature. The reason of it is that in such nuclei the strong force is hardly able to counterbalance the repulsive force because there exists large number of protons that have repulsive force between them and the range of repulsive force is unlimited. As a result Alpha decay occurs. In order to attain more stability such nuclei try to reduce their size.

But here is a question why Alpha decay occurs instead of individual protons or helium nuclei? The answer of it is that Alpha particles have high binding energy. In order to escape from nucleus, a particle must have kinetic energy, and only the mass of Alpha particle is sufficiently smaller than that of its constituent nucleons for such energy to be available.

By computing from the known masses of each particle and the parent and daughter nuclei, the energy is released known as disintegration energy, when various particles are emitted from large nuclei, and that energy is equal to the product of mass difference and square of speed of light. Here the mass difference means the difference in the masses of initial and final nuclei and the mass of particle.

When an Alpha particle emerges, the nucleus recoils with a small amount of kinetic energy, so we can say that the kinetic energy of emitted particle is not exactly equal to the disintegration energy. It can be shown from momentum and energy conservation that the kinetic energy of Alpha particle is related to disintegration energy and mass number, which is known as A, of original nucleus.

There are some cases in which the emission of Alpha particle is energetically possible, but it is not true for all type of nuclei. If Alpha decay occurs in Uranium that has 232 mass number and 92 proton number, energy will be released. If we want to emit a proton or helium nucleus from such nucleus, we must provide energy.

CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) - A Comprehensive Guide

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

This excellent book is probably the first comprehensive guide to the CALPHAD method. CALPHAD is an acronym that was coined in the early 1970s and stands for CALculation of PHAse Diagrams.

The CALPHAD method is based on the fact that a phase diagram is a representation of the thermodynamic properties of a system. Thus, if the thermodynamic properties are known, it is possible to calculate the multi-component phase diagrams. In other words, thermodynamic descriptions of lower-order systems (e.g., the Gibbs energy of each phase) can be combined to extrapolate higher-order systems.

In metallurgical engineering, for example, the CALPHAD method is invaluable when it comes to understanding the relationship between the chemical composition of an alloy (typically based on complex higher-order systems), the processing conditions, the resulting microstructure, and the alloy's final properties. In addition, most alloys undergo one or more phase transformations during use. Such phase transformations can often be understood through the use of phase diagrams (and which now can be calculated, thanks to the CALPHAD method).

The book covers the history of the CALPHAD method; the laws and basic concepts of thermodynamics (enthalpy, heat capacity, chemical equilibrium, Gibbs energy, etc); various experimental techniques to measure thermodynamic quantities and to construct phase diagrams; thermodynamic models for solutions and compound phases (stoichiometric compounds, random substitutional models, sublattice models, ionic liquid models, and aqueous solutions); phase stabilities; short-range and long-range ordering models; the role of magnetic Gibbs energy; computational methods and thermodynamic optimization of phase diagrams; as well as the coupling of thermodynamics and kinetics.

Finally, a number of important practical examples where the CALPHAD method was successfully applied are given and described in detail. The examples include titanium-based Ti-6Al-4V alloy, aluminum casting alloys, corrosion-resistant duplex stainless steels, nickel-based superalloys, high-speed steels, sigma-phase formation, micro-alloyed steels, NiAl-based and TiAl-based intermetallic alloys, magnetic alloys, high-strength cobalt-nickel steels, slag and slag-metal equilibria, chemical vapor deposition processing, hot salt corrosion in gas turbines, and the effect of radiation on the precipitation of silicides in nickel-based alloys.

I highly recommend this book.

Physics, Complexity, Gravity and the Universe - Humans at Home in Their Habitat

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

Physics is much about the nature of things in this realm we live. In this dimension there are laws and those laws as far as we can see seem to be consistent throughout our universe, perhaps everywhere for all we know. Thus, a bit of philosophy is in order to comprehend the order of things.

Perhaps, you have heard of Murphy's Law, well there is a good amount of reality behind complex systems, mathematically speaking, they more things you have running the more chances of one of them breaking. And maybe you have heard the thought that; simplicity breeds complexity, which in observation seems to be very true to our realm. To help illustrate these points and other topics which intersect this concept; I'd like to recommend this book;

"At Home in the Universe - the search for the laws of self-organization and complexity" by Stuart Kauffman. 1995

If you are looking for a book that takes all the observations, natural laws and known science and then poses the question and looks for the ultimate answers in complexity, chaos and natural self-organization from atoms and molecules to complex bio-systems and planetary systems. The author makes some great points in the book and takes the reader into deep thought.

The author considers snowflakes, oil on water, DNA, evolution, corporations, politics, government, and "the rise and fall of great civilizations." Kaufman also wrote the book; "the origin of order." This book also ponders the future of the human race and the future of Globalization, as the forward progression of mankind continues.

"Lance Winslow" - Online Blog Content Service. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance Winslow's Bio

Parallel Worlds - The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos by Michio Kak

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

The remit of this book is staggering -- it is no less than the coverage of the development of cosmology from its beginnings in antiquity right up to the theory of the multiverse, and the fact that our universe may be just one of an infinite number, each possessing physical forces and constants with different strengths to ours. The fact that the publication is targeted at the lay person (who may have little knowledge of cosmology and astronomy), makes the remit even more remarkable.

Kaku is one of the co-founders of a branch of String Theory and as such, one may start to read the book with the misconception that its contents will be biased towards the perspective of this particular theory. However, this is not the case, and the reader is firstly treated to a commendably objective history of astronomy, classical physics and the Copernican/Galilean Revolution, relativity, quantum mechanics, string theory, and the discovery of dark energy and dark matter, along with some extremely well written explanations and diagrams. The overriding power of modern cosmology in explaining the universe -- the marriage of the study of large scale objects such as galaxies groups, with that of very small scale subatomic particles is a growing theme throughout the book, and includes a superb explanation of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, and culminates in a discussion of the Standard Model, Inflation, and the five eras of the development of our universe.

Kaku gives an elegant account of the breaking of symmetry of the physical forces a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, and how String Theory can reconcile gravity with the electro-weak and strong nuclear forces, hence providing a theory of everything. Like many other physicists, he is hopeful that the evidence for supersymmetry and many of the sub-atomic particles predicted by String Theory may be forthcoming when the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN reaches full power in 2010 or 2011. He certainly hopes so -- the discovery of the graviton, the Higgs particle, and minute black holes will mean many physicists have not been traversing a blind alley for the past forty years!

Of course, an integral part of String Theory are extra spatial dimensions and Kaku develops this, and speculates on whether it will be possible to detect these. The book puts our everyday notions of time and reality to the test, and examines the fate of the universe as it expands exponentially, speculating that after trillions of years of such expansion and subsequent cooling, conditions will be unable to sustain intelligent life. Kaku also speculates on the possibility of whether given enough time, and if we don't destroy ourselves first, we can ascend through the types of advanced civilisation to reach a point where we can harness the power of stars and galaxies and enter another universe where conditions are once again favourable for life.

Perhaps the most startling revelation is that the Copernican Theory of Mediocrity may apply to our universe. The values of the universal constants and forces may, after all, be arbitrary, and a random result of symmetry breaking in a certain way at the time of the Big Bang. For example, Kaku shows how if one decreases the general strength of gravity by an infinitesimally small amount clouds of hydrogen will not coalesce into stars, planets and galaxies and life would not exist. Increase gravity and stars will burn and die too quickly, never allowing the time for planets and life to evolve.

Kaku documents a stark choice facing physicists, either our universe has been created in a way conducive to the development of complexity and ultimately life itself (the anthropogenic principle), or we live in a multiverse of universes --- by an infinitesimally small chance we just happen to live in one of the few habitable universes. Kaku eloquently shows how astro-physics, philosophy and even religion are drawn together at this point.

In conclusion, Parallel Worlds is a fascinating insight into current cosmological theory and models, and sheds light on many of the dilemmas and discoveries with which astrophysicists and cosmologists are now grappling. By its very nature, any book involving cosmology will become dated rapidly, and this book will probably be no exception (especially when the LHC comes up to full power). However Dr Kaku should be complemented in a superb attempt to portray contemporary cosmological and physical theories in a highly interesting and readily understandable way.

The book contains an excellent glossary of cosmological and physical terms, and there is little mathematics. For me anyway, it's the sort of book which, once started, you simply can't put down!

Andy Fleming is the author of the Andromeda Child blog about astronomy and much, much more: http://andromedachild.blogspot.com/.

Andromeda Child features an eclectic mix of interesting articles, news, views and reviews on a diverse range of subjects including astronomy, cosmology, science in general, railways and transport, music, radio, television, movies, politics, psychology, philosophy, history, education and sport (especially cricket!) This list is not exhaustive, and of course I'm open to suggestions for topics for posts!

The Robotic Age of Yesterday and Today - Book Review

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

Today, we talk about our robotic world as if it is a given, but it didn't happen all by itself. There has been a steady, and recently in ever increasing growth in the science of robotics. Mechanized Machinery is nothing new, it's been going on for as long as mankind started building sophisticated tools. Today, with the advent of the silicon chip, and the future of computing robotics can do much more than they ever could before.

Artificial intelligence has also increase the capabilities, along with extremely sophisticated sensors. Before retirement I was in the car wash business, and the amount of robotics used in such a simple industry like that is intense. And yes, it has obviously revolutionized the sector. Of course when it comes to automobiles everything these days about the manufacturing of cars is robotic. From the assembly line mechanism which moves the car to the robots which put them together.

Yes, this has been good news, and bad news. It has improved the productivity of manufacturing to an unbelievable and completely unattainable point, which would have been impossible without the robotics. It has also caused much angst with labor unions, where robotics are pit against human beings in manufacturing jobs.

There is a very good book which I think you should read, it was written back in the early 1980s, but it goes to show you that are robotic age has been going on quite a while, and the future looks brighter than ever. The name of the book is;

"Robotics Past, Present, Future" by David C. Knight, William Morrow and Company Publishers, New York, NY, (1983), 122 pages, ISBN: 0-688-01490-9.

The author this book is quite an interesting fellow he is studying engineering in Paris, New York, and Philadelphia he has written many books on extremely interesting scientific topics such as the biology of viruses, ultra-sonics, and sound, and galactic formations. He is no stranger when it comes to science.

This book takes you through the various definitions of; "what is a robot?" It also takes you through some of the science fiction stories and the origins and history of robotics. The most fascinating section talks about all the robotics in various industries, along with the future robotics which will be used in the home and office. And I'd like to remind the reader that this was written in the early 1980s. There is also a section on robots in space, and their use or potential future use in medicine.

Not long ago, I had the pleasure of tutoring a robotic system called "The Da Vinci" which was used in telerobotic medical operations. It is amazing that back in the 1980s the folks had conceived of this potential eventuality which is now here today. Indeed I hope you will please consider this and perhaps purchase this book.

Lance Winslow is an Online Author, his latest eBook about Boat Detailing is now available in the "Lance Winslow Small Business Series" titled; "How to Start a Boat Cleaning Business" (a Nook Book available at the Barnes and Noble Website). Lance Winslow is semi-retired and Founder of the Online Think Tank http://www.worldthinktank.net/ - You may contact Lance Winslow by email for dialogue, discourse, discussion, or debate on interesting topics.

Complexity - What Is It and Why is the Subject So Complex?

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

Have you ever wondered why such simple projects turn into such major events? Or why when you are planning with a group, the criteria for organizing an event just keeps growing and growing? Well, we know that our government bureaucracy continues to grow, and the number of laws we have on the books do too - and let's not even start talking about our tax code. But have you ever asked yourself why all the complexity in the world?

Why do things evolve from the simplicity to complexity, all the while seemingly on the verge of chaos? Well, these things have baffled historians, lawyers, philosophers, and even mathematicians for ages - even to this day - when someone thinks they have it all documented, figured out, and under control, it just keeps growing more complex.

It's almost as if it follows the third law of thermodynamics - well does it? Perhaps, but you'd be surprised to learn all that goes on behind the scenes in trying to prove or disprove this. In fact, I'd like to recommend a very good book on this topic. One I often use as a reference when doing my online article writing. The name of the book is:

"Complexity - The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos" by M. Mitchell Waldrop, Touchstone Publishers, a Division of Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, (1992), pages 380, ISBN: 0-671-87234-6.

This is the same author who wrote a book called "Chaos" and how fitting that this book is having to deal with complexity. Although written well before the information age got into full swing, this is a great book both; from a philosophical perspective as well as a scientific perspective. Many believe that one day Super Computers can figure out the future, tell us of the past, thus, in a way transcending time; I myself tend to believe this - but can it actually be so you wonder.

Perhaps, yes, perhaps it might be a potential future eventuality. So, why not learn more about the reality of complexity, the complexity that surrounds us every day, everywhere we go, and is omnipresent regardless of our awareness of that reality. If you have any thoughts on this topic, or you'd like to discuss this book with me, shoot me an email. In the meanwhile, please consider all this and think on the complexity of life, systems, economics, physics, cosmology, chemistry, earth science, weather, society, and predicting the present future.

Lance Winslow is the Founder of the Online Think Tank, a diverse group of achievers, experts, innovators, entrepreneurs, thinkers, futurists, academics, dreamers, leaders, and general all around brilliant minds. Lance Winslow hopes you've enjoyed today's discussion and topic. http://www.worldthinktank.net/ - Have an important subject to discuss, contact Lance Winslow.

Why Can't We Get a Little Peace and Quiet in the World - I Ask - I Am Trying to Get Some Sleep!

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

After watching all the sound and fury in Egypt, along with all the commentary, TV, video showing chaos and controversy on nearly every news channel, it occurred to me that well, like you, I'd just like a little peace and quiet you know. Like leave me alone already. Interestingly enough, it is important to have quiet and peacefulness, and it is very important to the human biosystem. Everyone needs sleep and quiet and it effects us all at the cellular level whether we realize it or not.

In human societies you don't need riots, protests, marches, shouting, or civil unrest with the throwing of tier-gas bombs, molotov cocktails, or sticks and rocks to break the peace, we have noise all around us every day, and it's not healthy, not even a little bit. Think about it, airplane noise, train tracks, horns, machinery, kitchen equipment, air-conditioners, and motors from trucks, cars, motorcycles, and the like.

There is an interesting book on this topic that I'd surely like to recommend to you, the name of the book is;

"Technology for a Quieter America" By the Committee on Technology for a Quieter America; National Academy of Engineering, Washington DC, (2010), pages 216, ISBN: 978-0-309-15632-5.

This book really gets into the details of it all and makes some excellent points of what we can do to get a little peace and quiet. I am not talking about Library level quiet, but why not take down the decibels 10-20 points, as it could serve us all with better quality of life. In the introduction of the book, in fact, in the Executive Summary, in the very first paragraph it notes;

Exposure to noise (i.e., unwanted or potentially hazardous sound) at home, at work, while traveling, and during leisure activities is a fact of life for all Americans. At times noise can be loud enough to damage hearing, and at lower levels it can disrupt normal living, affect sleep patterns, affect our ability to concentrate at work, interfere with outdoor recreational activities, and, in some cases, interfere with communications and even cause accidents. Clearly, exposure to excessive noise can affect our quality of life.

It is my contention that it takes friction to make noise, and friction is energy, in fact, it is lost energy. If we design and build better equipment that does not make noise, we will automatically use less energy. That means less electricity use, and less fuel. This also means lower costs, and that equates to lower cost in everything we buy or use.

Think about this for a moment. And while we are at it, we should harvest the noise whenever it exists, perhaps using magnetic induction principles to collect vibrations to power up batteries for later use. Please consider all this and let's hear about your inventions and innovations to reduce all this racket!

Lance Winslow is an Online Author with 11 eBooks and a co-Author of Franchising 101. The latest sBook in the "Lance Winslow Small Business Series" is "How to Start a Boat Cleaning Business" http://search.barnesandnoble.com/How-to-Start-a-Boat-Cleaning-Business/Lance-Winslow/e/2940012121691/ (a Nook Book available at the Barnes and Noble Website). Lance Winslow is semi-retired and Founder of the Online Think Tank http://www.worldthinktank.net/ - You may contact Lance Winslow by email for dialogue, discourse, discussion, or debate on interesting topics.

Critique Of Stephen Hawking's Book The Grand Design

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

We submit a review of Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow's latest book, The Grand Design. The authors cite both physics and metaphysics viewpoint. Yet, physics excellence does not guarantee metaphysics expertise. Only syllogistic reasoning from the only true source can decide the rightness or wrongness in monotheism disciplines.

In attempting to critique The Grand Design, this author must confess to more than just a casual interest in 'the nature of things.' In my own small intellect, in the history from now, resides a reasonable assumption of beginning to matter: whatever its dimensions and product of force. Outside of reasoned debate arises the scientists' claim of 'something from nothing.' They state: "... the laws of gravity and quantum theory allow universes to appear spontaneously from nothing... that our known universe is only one among uncounted billions of universes."

Here, Hawking and Mlodinow opine Universe beginnings through spontaneity by Physics or creation by Super-intelligence. They accept the givens in physics observation and theory from experience or experiment; they acknowledge the infiniteness of Special and General Relativity and quantum mechanics; yet, they neglect to consider the experience and experiment of established theism. Rightfully, they cite religion's lack of mathematical precision; wrongly, they succumb to impreciseness in their own speculative consensus of multiple universes and equation theory. Ben Winter would question even the ubiquitous application of E=mc2. It cannot effectively prescribe more energy than is contained in the Ultimate Particle mass.

Their debate on God existence is also subject to the following logic: where, Emanuel Kant, states: "No man has the intellect to deny another man's god". Such reasoning must be accepted as truth in the absence of insight to evaluate another's inherent gnosis. Ben Winter would add to the observation: "A god can be instantaneously created by anyone at any instant and without need for verification."

We comment on additional opinion offered in The Christian Chronicle; where, noted PhD Rubel Shelly, longtime minister, author, and president of Rochester College in Michigan, also critiqued The Grand Design and made the following observation: "If there had ever been a time when absolutely nothing existed, nothing could exist now. Since something clearly has existed forever, you make the more intuitive, reasonable, and consistent-with-experience choice... Creative God or quantum mechanics?"

Respectfully, we wonder if the good Doctor's definition of 'forever' came from the traditional misconception of Bible semantics. In either event, Dr. Shelly is also in error. For, the word defines as 'until the set time' in biblical frame of reference.

So much for challenging everyone's perspective of everything! The Grand Design is a good way to refresh the mind on physics and metaphysics; however, in summation, this book is more dedicated to speculation than substance and leaves a huge gap between cause for the Universe basis and cause for modern religions. These issues are resolved in additional study.

Ben Winter, particles physicist, Bible scholar, and author of "THE GREAT DECEPTION: Symbols And Numbers Clarified," reveals there 'is' something new under the sun -- that is, for modern Bible students, addressing a correctness of language and true intent of the major Bible topics: solves Bible mysteries, defines Gog and Magog, reveals Daniel He-goat's surprising identity, daring to number the all important Ten Ages. Sign up for FREE book critiques at http://www.winterbriar.com/ and view more articles in blog format at http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Space-Time - It's Time We All Learned More

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

Relativistic Physics conflicts with the way we perceive our own world presently and it is not a trick or anything like that, it's just the way things are. If things were not like this we would be living in a linear 2D world, but we don't we live in a 3D world, don't we?

And if we live in a 3D world it is hard to comprehend a 4D world or 5D world isn't it? Yes, all this becomes more complicated for the human mind, but it is not impossible to understand as some folks would have you believe.

In fact, it's relatively simple as Einstein showed and then went on to explain it through mathematics. He went over everyone's head when he explained the relevance of his theories and how they related to the whole of existence and space-time.

Einstein himself was unsure if all his theories were right, often fighting with his own understanding of it all. Perhaps, this topic is of interest to you and perhaps you might like to take this discussion further, but first let me recommend an extremely good book to you:

"Foundations of Space-Time Theories; Relativistic Physics and Philosophy of Science" by Michael Friedman; 1983 by Princeton University Press.

This book discusses physics and philosophy in a way that makes things seem simple in relation to Einstein's Theories. The author goes on to show how a layman can understand these concepts in a simple way, which takes all the guess work out of things.

Why would I recommend this book to you? Well, because I bought it and read it and feel that most all human beings can grasp these simple subjects, if they would only realize that they are not so difficult when explained correctly to the students. You too, can understand Einstein's theories and what they mean to all we observe.

"Lance Winslow" - Lance Winslow's Bio. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/.

When solar physics and space research collide with Math-it's about time, for an overview of the book

Physics is one of the most fascinating topics and yet so few people have really ever considered it all. That is a pity, because if we are beings who value knowledge, then we are usually missing. But it doesn't have to be that way, because there are all sorts of wonderful books and documentaries available.

For example, there is a book that is truly worth reading if you can spare a month to absorb it all. It is a book that I own, I've read many chapters in. It's also a great reference book on the subject. The name of the book is;

"The world Treasury of physics, astronomy, and Mathematics" edited by Timothy Harris, published by Little, Brown and Company, New York, NY, (1989), 859 pages, ISBN: 0-318-07136-6.

In this comprehensive work you will learn all about time and space. Information about thermodynamics, mass, gravity, relativity, black holes and our fundamental understanding of all this, but remember this book was published in 1989, so quite a bit has happened since. The first chapter is one of the best, and it discusses atoms and quarks, electrons position prediction and elementary quantum theory, which today we seem to know a lot more about. There are essays on unified theories, uncertainty principles, and Albert Einstein's most famous equation; E = MC squared.

Well, that's the first part, and in the second part are chapters about our Sun, the structure of our universe, and how it all started and how we expect the end of a day, well after we're gone. There are chapters by Stephen Hawking, Richard Muller, Carl Sagan and so many other notables. Everything about comets, Supernova and our Galaxy, and for all you religious types out there, they don't forget and in the spirit of integration, there is also an item on "Biblical creationism".

The third and forth sections have chapters on mathematics of the cosmos, and dealing with very large numbers, artificial intelligence and mathematics of the unknown, and the limitations of known mathematics in this realm, at least now. The fourth section is about the men, and scientists behind the theories we use now, and how they came to be, along with the chapter with the title; "Women in science"-again in the spirit of integration and kudos for their performance.

The book is really great in that there are many poems of science are listed along with the "Philosophy of Science" too. This book will your mind to a whole new dimension of learning and intrigues of our universe to open. Maybe, that is her main focus, to give the reader interested in the sciences and the physics of all that is, that is known and all that is left to be discovered. Indeed, I highly recommend this book for anyone who loves physics and science.

Lance Winslow is the founder of the Online Think Tank, a diverse group of achievers, experts, innovators, entrepreneurs, futurists, academics, thinkers, dreamers, leaders and General all around brilliant minds. Lance Winslow, hope you've enjoyed the discussion and topic today. http://www.worldthinktank.net/-have an important topic to discuss, please contact Lance Winslow.

Kritiek van Jeremy Rifkin het boek: "De waterstofeconomie"

We criticize Rifkin early on for displaying the surprising lack of particle physics logic; He describes typical energy from the Sun and heat of fate: "some of this energy is captured by living things and converted into forms useful life support, while the rest as heat is radiated into space and back ends." Not unexpectedly, he merely reflects tradition of acceptance of the intangible science; IE: those things not easy to contradict the workability in applied science ignore.

Really, Ultimate Particle logic will contest Rifkin of the universe product set as particles posit and converted to heat energy by means of speed and intensity. The above quote from Rifkin to reject a theory on the facing page, the recyclable nature of energy that require only the essence of the speed as it relates to frequency. In these theoretical compost, can't heat energy is constantly being converted and rays back into the room but only payment obligations in the nearest mass receptacle. If this theory was not true, could not view the Earth from space astronauts; the moon would indeed be invisible.

In the description of the second law of thermodynamics, Rifkin argues: "while energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is constantly changing in shape, but always in one direction, from available to not available ... when energy is converted, some amount of available energy is lost in the process; that is to say, it is no longer able to carry out useful work. " He proposes that such loss not as a loss, but ' entropy ' ... turned in one direction; from hot to cold, concentrated or dispersed, ordered to disordered. We should not agree: simple logic determines the ongoing conversion of cold hot and hot to cold.

Describe energy in relation to modern civilization, Rifkin notes: the collapse of great civilizations correctly occurs because of the ' failure of vitality, an inability to mobilize human energy; the most fervent supporters of the hydrocarbon energy fossil fuels doubt that excesses of the 21st century was will survive. Our declining culture quoting and growing prosperity mindset, Rifkin with a decline in major world economies Parallels Roman Empire, and citing the failure in increased energy output to meet a reduced energy input. An alleged expression of Plato and Aristotle philosophy stating an obvious axiom: something from nothing, which you can't.

And if this philosophy deals with particle physics and thermodynamic rules, you can't convert to something nothing. Energy must be fully recyclable or energy will cease to be functional!

Having regard to the sociological riddles of Saudi Arabia, indeed the Middle East as an extension of the Islam, apologetic, Rifkin explores the rial is substantiated declining energy output and the population is increasingly dependent on the will of Allah-following Mohammed's nonproductive ' righteousness path. ' In the best reasoning of knowledgeable exegetes ' justice ' was the farthermost thought in Mohammed mentality; He's only the most perverse acts to entertain his most unholy pleasures pursued. Endemic to the culture of the Middle East and not unlike Western tendency, we scratch only where it feels good.

Rifkin stresses the importance of ' decarbonization ' or society's resort to fuels with bigger hydrogen carbon ratios, and suggests to complete the trip to hydrogen ... still looked on as the decarbonization great hope for humanity the continuing progress on Earth.

In this sense the energy residing in recognizes Rifkin hydrogen Atomic interactions, bound in Earth of mass; He predicts: energy will be cheap in one part of the country as another, so that the industry will be highly decentralised.

Promotion of hydrogen fuel cells as the wave of the near future, Rifkin describes the inner workings of fuel cells versus chemical energy and the fossil fuels must alternative. He's right, of course! With 684 bibliographic references on 255 total pages draws Rifkin on broad interests, of sociology, religion and physics, especially the impact on energy existentialisms the anthropic principle.

There you have it! Regardless of the discussion or important topic, there may be little separation between physics and metaphysics. Our mind continually invent a mix of metaphysics needed for survival and survival required for physics. We are a physical entity involved in mystery, the unexplained, the intangible, imponderable. Referred to as the ultimate wish of our immortality Existentialism oxygen/hydrogen fueled, but eternity in his realm cannot be the security deployed to our current pursuit vehicle. Syllogistic logic, qualitative research our longing for immortality is available for those who are willing to do the research!

Advanced studies to mention the reason for our liking and the cause of our failure.

Ben Winter, particle physicist, biblical scholar and author of "THE GREAT deception: symbols and numbers clarified," reveals that there is ' something new under the Sun--that is, for modern Bible researchers. He addresses correctness of language and the true intent of the main topics of the Bible: Bible mysteries, Gog and Magog Lost, he-goat cheese surprising identity reveals Daniel defines and dares to number the all important ten ages. Sign up for free book http://www.winterbriar.com/and view more critiques on articles in blog format on http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

In Search of Schrodinger's Cat - Quantum Physics and Reality

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

In Search of Schrodinger's Cat was one of very few popular science books published in the early 1980s on the subject of quantum mechanics. The title of the book refers to a famous thought experiment (paradox) devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger. The thought experiment presents a hypothetical cat that apparently can be simultaneously dead and alive (or neither dead nor alive), depending on an earlier random event, and assuming that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics can be applied to everyday objects.

For those of us who are not physicists, the book covers, in a rather accessible manner (especially in its first half), a number of key theories, ideas, and paradoxes such as the dual nature of light, the double-slit experiment, the structure and the inner workings of atoms, Plank's constant and its history and significance, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and its possible far-reaching philosophical implications, the Compton effect, the Copenhagen interpretation, etc. Often incorrectly depicted as just an experimental limitation, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (the central idea of quantum mechanics), is explained quite nicely (and I believe correctly) in this book. The author also gives a couple of great examples of the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in physics (e.g., Dirac's mathematical prediction of the existence of positrons, the electron's antiparticle).

The author's style of writing is engaging and pleasant to read. The book is filled with relevant historic references, which I personally always find useful, as they help with putting everything in a right prospective and context. Even though it is thought provoking, the second half of the book, which deals with more speculative questions related to quantum mechanics (e.g., the many-worlds theory), is less satisfactory and less focused.

I recommend this book as an easy, non-mathematical introduction to the basic concepts of quantum mechanics, arguably the most fascinating scientific theory ever formulated by human mind. To fully understand and truly appreciate quantum mechanics, however, one has to sharpen one's mathematical pencil and dig deep into vector algebra with all its eigenvectors and eigenvalues. There are no shortcuts. Thus, my caveat lector: advanced students will almost certainly learn nothing new of importance in this book.

Critique of Carl Sagan's Book: Billions And Billions

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

In life and in his book, this eminent scientist hoped to heighten awareness to the exponential immensity constituting our interstellar existence, to quantification in microscopic beginnings, to infinite potential in meaning and purpose for our own existence, and to "Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium." Early on, Sagan advises, "If you know a thing only qualitatively, you know it no more than vaguely. If you know it quantitatively -- grasping some numerical measure that distinguishes it from an infinite number of other possibilities -- you are beginning to know it deeply."

An outspoken iconoclast, to both leftist and rightist extremes, Sagan advocated urgent attention to our headlong plunge toward an uninhabitable earth. And, of course, he was right; differing political systems attempt to advance agreement with his notion of patrimony and environment preservation. Even so, we call attention to Sagan's rise to the top of his profession; thus, he becomes the greater consumer rather than greater environmentalist. At the ladder top, he urges lower rung climbers to lesser energy expenditures as they attempt ladder ascendance; yet, despite these imposed limitations, even those at the bottom would, like Sagan, spend the necessary energy to enjoy a view from the top. At the top, Sagan recommends global effort to bring living standards to optimum levels. Yet, to elevate plebeian from the bottom rung to like-levels, society must, in itself, require a greater expenditure of natural resources; therewith, such ambition defeats the very conservatism advocated to inspire environmentalism ploys and, simultaneously, to alleviate the starving masses syndrome. Basically, inhering a socialist mindset, Sagan politicizes mankind's primitive inherence so faithfully replicated in genes, man's propensity to hunt and gather as impelled. To circumvent this inherency, Sagan would make all consumers subject to the state (though he did not directly state the means): thus would man be made to observe environmental dictates, to reside in industrial conformity, to live indistinctively in miscegenation, and to lesser rung submission.

Sagan's racial finiteness belongs in a fictional work, not scientific exposition. Like most white liberals, he capitulates to popular desideratum and proposes mankind to have evolved from black beginnings -- neglecting the paucity of evidence -- and ignoring natures neglect to deposit contradictory fossils in easy to find locations throughout the world. No! Mankind had to evolve from a wider potential in the chemistry environment necessary to produce early and diverse specimens. By Sagan's heuristic creation medium, all fish, all birds, all reptiles, all bacteria differentiated from individual protist and isolated into species. We should expect more from Carl Sagan. In paraphrased briefness, he said: 'Only in the visible (light spectrum, bw), with many transparent molecules can the anomaly of white skin be possible. Over much of the spectrum, all humans are black.' Nonsense! Would Sagan's 'light spectrum' explain the marked difference in physiognomy amongst ethnic diversity? And would not the following Sagan observation, concerning 'important discoveries,' treat the above mankind origins theory as mere speculation?

At the end, Sagan admitted: he would love to believe, at the advent of death, he would live again, that some thinking, feeling, remembering part of him would continue. But as much as he wanted to believe and despite the ancient and worldwide traditions asserting an afterlife, he knew of nothing to suggest it as more than wishful thinking. He lived as he died, setting forth logic as a guiding principle, at peace with himself, and trusting in scientific intellection. Was he correct in all his deductions? Yet, his was a strong voice condemning our selfish quest for industrial superiority, to energy foolhardiness, and to our tendency toward supernatural dependency. In this, he was right on target!

Truly, Carl Sagan's practicality regarding afterlife is confirmed by strict review of the only monotheism legal-historicity, the Bible; herein, limits to the theist experiment are found to circumscribe Ten Ages as a whole to the Covenant enterprise. Further bold conclusions are available to those with abiding interest in the symbols and numbers coded into the Bible's hidden language.

Ben Winter, particles physicist, Bible scholar, and author of "THE GREAT DECEPTION: Symbols And Numbers Clarified," reveals there 'is' something new under the sun -- that is, for modern Bible students. He addresses correctness of language and true intent of the major Bible topics: solves Bible mysteries, defines Gog and Magog, reveals Daniel He-goat's surprising identity, and dares to number the all important Ten Ages. Sign up for FREE book critiques at http://www.winterbriar.com/ and view more articles in blog format at http://blog.thegreatdeception.net/.

Crystal Structure Determination, And Indexing

AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota

There are three major steps in order to determine the structure of an unknown material. First of all the shape and size of the unit cell are deduced from the angular positions of the diffraction lines. Then the number of atoms per unit cell computed from the shape and size of the unit cell, the chemical composition of the specimen, and its measured density. Finally, the position of the atoms within the unit cell is deduced from the relative intensities of the diffraction lines.

The process of finding the position of the atoms within the unit cell is generally the most difficult and there are many structures which are known only incompletely, in the sense that this final step has not yet been made.

The first step in which size and shape of the material is measured is same as the indexing of powder diffraction pattern which involves the accurate determination of peak positions, determination of the unit cell parameters from the peak positions such as Bragg's Law, inter planar d-spacing, and systematic absences.

In Bragg's Law when x-rays are scattered from a crystal lattice, peaks of scattered intensity are observed which corresponds to the two conditions. First condition is that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of scattering, and the second is that the path length difference is equal to an integer number of wavelengths. The condition for maximum intensity helps to calculate details about the crystal structure, or if the crystal structure is know, to determine the wavelength of the x-rays incident upon the crystal.

Remember that crystals possess a regular, repetitive internal structure. The concept of symmetry describes the repetition of structural features. Symmetries are most frequently used to classify the different crystal structures. In general one can generate 14 basic crystal structures through symmetries. These fourteen basic crystal structures are called Bravais Lattices. Any crystal structure can be reduced to one of these 14 Bravais Lattices.

As it is mentioned above that the indexing is the process of determining the unit cell parameters from the peak positions. To index a powder diffraction pattern it is necessary to assign Miller indices, hkl, to each peak. Note that a diffraction pattern can not be analyzed until it has been indexed. It is always the first step in analysis. Unfortunately it is not just the simple reverse of calculating peak positions from the unit cell dimensions and wavelength.

Dedicated to provide high quality professionalism in my expert fields.